Using this knowledge, he began researching the phenomenon of "interference" in 1947. Mataré had previous experience in developing crystal rectifiers from silicon and germanium in the German radar effort during World War II. In 1948, the point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker while working at the Compagnie des Freins et Signaux, a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris. In acknowledgement of this accomplishment, Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain were jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect." Instead, what Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley invented in 1947 was the first point-contact transistor. Having unearthed Lilienfeld’s patents that went into obscurity years earlier, lawyers at Bell Labs advised against Shockley's proposal because the idea of a field-effect transistor that used an electric field as a "grid" was not new. According to Lillian Hoddeson and Vicki Daitch, authors of a biography of John Bardeen, Shockley had proposed that Bell Labs' first patent for a transistor should be based on the field-effect and that he be named as the inventor. Pierce as a contraction of the term transresistance. The term transistor was coined by John R. Solid State Physics Group leader William Shockley saw the potential in this, and over the next few months worked to greatly expand the knowledge of semiconductors. In 1934, German inventor Oskar Heil patented a similar device.įrom Novemto December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T's Bell Labs in the United States performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input. Because the production of high-quality semiconductor materials was still decades away, Lilienfeld's solid-state amplifier ideas would not have found practical use in the 1920s and 1930s, even if such a device had been built. However, Lilienfeld did not publish any research articles about his devices nor did his patents cite any specific examples of a working prototype. Lilienfeld also filed identical patents in the United States in 19. Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor (FET) in Canada in 1925, which was intended to be a solid-state replacement for the triode. The triode, however, was a fragile device that consumed a lot of power. The thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented in 1907, enabled amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony. Packages in order from top to bottom: TO-3, TO-126, TO-92, SOT-23.ĥ.3 Usage of bipolar and field-effect transistorsĦ Part numbering standards/specificationsĦ.2 European Electronic Component Manufacturers Association (EECA)Ħ.3 Joint Electron Devices Engineering Council (JEDEC)Ī replica of the first working transistor. The transistor is on the list of IEEE milestones in electronics, and the inventors were jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their achievement.Īssorted discrete transistors. Following its development in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other things. The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current through another pair of terminals. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power.
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